Hypertension

Arterial hypertension is the causes of the emergence of what diseases arise, diagnosis and methods of treatment.

According to world statistics, diseases of the cardiovascular system are primarily among all the causes of mortality.

Arterial hypertension is one of the most common diseases of the circulatory system, which also acts as a factor in the development of other heart and blood vessel diseases, such as coronary heart disease, chronic heart failure, hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke.

Arterial hypertension is a steady increase in systolic blood pressure above 140 mm Hg.Art.and/or diastolic (lower) over 90 mm Hg.Art.According to the recommendations of the European Association for Arterial Hypertension and the European Association of Cardiologists, the arterial hypertension criterion of 135/85 mm Hg has been approved for pressure at home.Art.And above.

The main symptoms that accompany an increase in blood pressure include headaches, nausea, ear ear, palpitations, decreased visual sharpness, irritability, sweating.

Sometimes an increase in blood pressure can be asymptomatic.In this case, blood pressure control is required.

Varieties of arterial hypertension

Before talking about increasing blood pressure (blood pressure), it must be understood how the pressure should be normal.For each person, blood pressure values are individual.However, there is a generally accepted classification of blood pressure.

• Optimal, where systolic blood pressure is less than 120 mm Hg.Art., And diastolic blood pressure is less than 80 mm Hg.Art. 
• Normal, where the upper blood pressure values are from 120 to 129 and lower values from 80 to 84 mm Hg.Art.
• High normal, where the upper blood pressure values are from 130 to 139 mm Hg at the interval.Art.and lower ones at interval from 85 to 89 mm Hg.Art.

Arterial hypertension is divided by degrees, depending on the maximum values obtained when measuring the pressure.

First-sistolic blood pressure of 140-159 mm Hg.Art.and/or diastolic blood pressure 90-99 mm Hg.Art.

Second degree blood pressure 160-179 mm Hg.Art.and/or diastolic blood pressure 100-109 mm Hg.Art.

3rd degree blood pressure of 180 and more mm Hg.Art.and/or diastolic blood pressure 110 and more mm Hg.Art.

Separately insulated arterial hypertension, when only systolic blood pressure only increases more than 140 mm Hg.ST, and diastolic remain within normal values.

Causes of increased blood pressure

It is believed that most high -pressure patients suffer primary Arterial hypertension, the development of which cannot be accompanied by specific causes.This is the essential arterial so -called arterial hypertension, which most often occurs in patients with age.

In other cases, when a certain cause of pressure is detected, they mean middle Arterial hypertension.

Among the main causes that lead to secondary arterial hypertension, they distinguish:

1. Kidneys and blood vessels.These pathologies lead to a decrease in the intensity of the blood flow to the kidneys and, as a result, the release of buds of substances that contribute to increased blood pressure and damaged renal blood flow compensation.Chronic kidney disease, chronic glomerulonephritis, urolithiasis - these diseases can lead to the development of arterial hypertension.Among the vascular diseases, the narrowing (stenosis) of the renal arteries is most often observed, which may be congenital pathology or occur with atherosclerosis in adulthood. 

2. Different Endocrine lead to the development of arterial hypertension and other related symptoms.For example, with thyrotoxicosis, thyroid hormone production has improved, which is associated with the appearance of a goiter (an increase in the gland itself), an increase in systolic blood pressure, a heartbeat, increased irritability and a decrease in body weight.With hypothyroidism, thyroid hormone products are reduced.Pathologies are associated with endothelial dysfunction and damaged relaxation of smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels, which leads to an increase in peripheral resistance of the blood vessels.This helps to increase blood pressure.Such patients are characterized by an increase in diastolic blood pressure, a slowdown in pulse, weakness and rapid fatigue.With fechromocytoma (adrenal glands), the release of catecholamines (adrenaline, norepinephrine) increases in the blood, which leads to sharp jumps in blood pressure at very high values.Arterial hypertension is a frequent satellite of overweight.Fat tissue cells (adipocytes) produce biologically active substances that affect the whole organism as a whole and, in particular, in vessels.Also, remember that the "extra" fabric should also be blood supply, and this leads to an additional load on the cardiovascular system. 
3. Different Heart disease and blood vessels They can lead to high arterial pressure.For example, the aortic coarction is a local narrowing of the aorta lumen, most often congenital pathology;Atherosclerotic narrowing of ships. 
4. Pregnancy (preeclampsia). 
5. Arterial hypertension when taking some Barn: Oral contraceptives, anabolic steroids, glucocorticosteroids, antidepressants.

It should be remembered about the factors that contribute to the development of arterial hypertension: inherited predisposition, prolonged nerve overload, frequent stressful situations, excessive physical activity, smoking, alcohol and coffee abuse, consumption of large amounts of salt and fatty foods.

Diseases occurred arterial hypertension?

Arterial hypertension is divided by degrees, depending on the maximum values obtained when measuring the pressure.

We will show some of them.

• Atherosclerosis, including renal arteries. 
• Renal vessel lesion (thrombosis, embolism, stenosis, compression of renal vessels with a tumor or organ). 
• Chronic pyelonephritis. 
• Chronic glomerulonephritis. 
• Chronic kidney disease. 
• Thyroid diseases (hypo- and hyperthyroidism). 
• Izenko-Cushing's disease and syndrome. 
• Feochromocytoma. 
• Primary hyperaldosteronism.
• Metabolic syndrome. 
• Aorta cooperation. 
• Preeclampsia.

Which doctors contact when they increase blood pressure?

To identify the causes of increased pressure, you should first contact the therapist.The doctor will perform an examination and prescribe the necessary amount of specialist exams and consultations.Among them may be:

• Cardiologist; 
• endocrinologist; 
• neurologist; 
• surgeon; 
• Ophthalmologist.

Diagnosis and examination with increased blood pressure

First of all, the self -control of blood pressure at home is needed by keeping a diary, where all pressure measurements should be fixed, taking stress medicines and episodes, which can provoke an increase in blood pressure.

The following laboratory studies are prescribed to all patients in the first stage of examination:

• Clinical blood test;
• general urine analysis;
• Biochemical blood test (cholesterol control; lipoproteins are very low; and high density for assessing atherosclerosis risk, blood electrolytes, sodium, chlorine, calcium; creatinine levels; blood glucose levels);
• blood test for the level of glycated hemoglobin; 
• A blood test for hormone content (TH4 - T4; triiodotyronine - T3; thyrotropic hormone - TSH; antibodies to thyroid -peroxidase; antibodies to thyroidoglobulin).

If necessary, the doctor may prescribe a complex of laboratory and instrumental examination methods:

• daily monitoring of blood pressure; 
• Electrocardiographic study; 
• echocardiography; 
• Holter's daily monitoring; 
• Duplex scan of brachiocephalous, 
• renal/iliac arteries and lamp; 
• Ultrasound study of the adrenal and adrenal glands; 
• Study of the lower part of the eye.

Treatment of arterial hypertension

Arterial hypertension is a disease whose development depends on many factors, and therefore the first recommendation in high pressure correction is a change in lifestyle.

First, they make changes to the diet: they limit the consumption of canned and finished products, sauces and mayonnaise, and gradually reduce the amount of salt added to food.

The menu should include more fresh vegetables, fruits and dairy products.Alcohol and smoking should also be limited.

In the presence of excess body weight and lack of contraindications, a diet is used.The moderate regular physical exercise of at least half an hour a day contributes to the normalization of vascular tone.

We should not expect a quick effect from diet and physical education.However, at the beginning of the disease, it is these actions that can play a positive role.

Depending on the stage and degree of the disease, medication therapy is determined.In clinical practice, some drug groups are used to treat arterial hypertension:

• diuretics (diuretics); 
• Beta-blocker; 
• Calcium channel antagonists; 
• Angiotenzinzinoproding (IAC) enzyme inhibitors; 
• Angiotensin II receptor anatagonists; 
• Central drugs.

Depending on the cause of the development and course of the disease, as well as related diseases, the doctor prescribes an individual treatment regimen.The therapy chosen by the attending physician, continuous use of medicines and a lifestyle change will help normalize blood pressure.

What to do with high pressure?

Pressure should not be reduced quickly: in the first two hours when you help, blood pressure should lower no more than 20% of the initial high level.

When blood pressure increased moderately, but generally stable well -being (no other symptoms), you should try to fall asleep or lie down with closed eyes.If after resting the pressure remains high, it is necessary to take medication recommended by the attending physician.

If an increase in blood pressure is associated with severe headaches, dizziness, shortness of breath, visual damage, pain, nausea or vomiting, it is necessary to cause an ambulance.